Understanding Database Bottlenecks
As your SaaS application scales to tens of thousands of active users, unoptimized database queries can severely increase response latency and exhaust connection pools.
Essential Indexing Rules
- **Composite Indexes**: Order columns by equality conditions first, followed by range queries.
- **Partial Indexes**: Index only active rows (e.g. `WHERE is_active = true`) to keep index sizes small.
- **EXPLAIN ANALYZE**: Regularly inspect query execution plans to spot sequential table scans.
Connection Pooling with PgBouncer
Avoid spawning a dedicated backend process per incoming HTTP request by placing a connection pooler like PgBouncer in front of your PostgreSQL instance.
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